The explosion in population that began during the 1700s continued through the 1800s.
Cities grew as rural people streamed into urban areas.
Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion
The rapid increase in population wasn't due to larger families, but populations soared because the death rate fell.
The Death rate fell because :
Nutrition improved
Improved methods of farming, food storage, and distribution
Medical advances
Improvements in public sanitation
The Fight Against Disease *Some scientists speculated that certain mircrobes might cause specific infectious diseases. Yet most doctors scoffed at thisgerm theory.
Not until 1870 did French chemist Louis Pasteur clearly show the link between mircobes and disease.
Louis Pasteur:
developed vaccines against Rabies and Anthrax
discovered a process called pasteurization that killed disease-carrying microbes in milk Pasteurization
In the 1880s the German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis - a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives in the 1800s.
By 1914,yellow fever and malaria had been traced to mircrobes carried by mosquitoes.
Hospital Care Improves
Anesthesia was first used to relieve pain during surgery in the 1840s.
British nurse Florence Nightingale said " The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm."
She worked to :
bring better hygiene to field hospitals
after the war she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals
she also founded the world's first school of nursing
English surgon Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics prevented infection, he insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating. Eventually, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection. City Life Changes
City life, as old as civilization itself, underwent dramatic changes in Europe and the United States.
City Landscape Change The most extensive urban renewal - rebuilding of the poor areas of a city, took place in Paris in the 1850s.
In most American cities, the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center, within reach of factories.
Paved streets made urban areas much more livable.
There were also gas lamps and electric steel lights that were said to illuminate the night, which increased saftey.
Beneath the streets sewage systems made cities MUCH healthier places to live.
By 1900 architects began to use steel, using it to construct soaring buildings Slum Conditions
In the worst tenements, whole families were often crammed into a single room
Slums remained a fact of city life.
The Lure of the City
Despite their drawbacks, cites attracted millions The Working Class Advances Workers protested:
low wages
long hours
unsafe conditions
constant threat of unemployment
Workers formed Mutual-aid societies - self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Standards of Living Rise
Wages varied - unskilled laborers earning less than skilled workers
Women recieved less than half the pay of men doing the same work.
Overall, eventually the Standards of living - measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society, did rise. STILL, the gap between workers and the middle class widened.
Great display of info.
Easy to read and study I eliminated any content not related to the study guide
Not hyper-linked to the Chapter home page
The explosion in population that began during the 1700s continued through the 1800s.
Cities grew as rural people streamed into urban areas.
Medicine Contributes to the Population Explosion
The Death rate fell because :
The Fight Against Disease
*Some scientists speculated that certain mircrobes might cause specific infectious diseases. Yet most doctors scoffed at this germ theory.
Not until 1870 did French chemist Louis Pasteur clearly show the link between mircobes and disease.
Louis Pasteur:
In the 1880s the German doctor Robert Koch identified the bacterium that caused tuberculosis - a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives in the 1800s.
By 1914, yellow fever and malaria had been traced to mircrobes carried by mosquitoes.
Hospital Care Improves
Anesthesia was first used to relieve pain during surgery in the 1840s.
British nurse Florence Nightingale said " The very first requirement in a hospital is that it should do the sick no harm."
She worked to :
- bring better hygiene to field hospitals
- after the war she worked to introduce sanitary measures in British hospitals
- she also founded the world's first school of nursing
English surgon Joseph Lister discovered how antiseptics prevented infection, he insisted that surgeons sterilize their instruments and wash their hands before operating.Eventually, the use of antiseptics drastically reduced deaths from infection.
City Life Changes
City life, as old as civilization itself, underwent dramatic changes in Europe and the United States.
City Landscape Change
The most extensive urban renewal - rebuilding of the poor areas of a city, took place in Paris in the 1850s.
In most American cities, the rich lived in pleasant neighborhoods on the outskirts of the city, while the poor crowded into slums near the city center, within reach of factories.
Paved streets made urban areas much more livable.
There were also gas lamps and electric steel lights that were said to illuminate the night, which increased saftey.
Beneath the streets sewage systems made cities MUCH healthier places to live.
By 1900 architects began to use steel, using it to construct soaring buildings
Slum Conditions
In the worst tenements, whole families were often crammed into a single room
Slums remained a fact of city life.
The Lure of the City
Despite their drawbacks, cites attracted millions
The Working Class Advances
Workers protested:
- low wages
- long hours
- unsafe conditions
- constant threat of unemployment
Workers formedMutual-aid societies - self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Standards of Living Rise
Wages varied - unskilled laborers earning less than skilled workers
Women recieved less than half the pay of men doing the same work.
Overall, eventually the
Standards of living - measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society, did rise.
STILL, the gap between workers and the middle class widened.
Great display of info.
Easy to read and study
I eliminated any content not related to the study guide
Not hyper-linked to the Chapter home page